Important Definitions & Formulas

Define Electric Charge. State the principle of Quantization of Charge and Conservation of Charge. Write the formula for quantization.

State Coulomb's Law in electrostatics. Write its mathematical formula and vector form. Define Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant).

Define Electric Field Intensity (E). Write its formula, SI Unit, and Dimensional Formula.

Define Electric Dipole and Dipole Moment (p). Write the formula, SI Unit, and direction of dipole moment.

Define Electric Flux. Write its formula and SI Unit. State Gauss's Law in electrostatics.

Define the following Charge Densities with their SI Units and Dimensions:
a) Linear Charge Density (\(\lambda\))
b) Surface Charge Density (\(\sigma\))
c) Volume Charge Density (\(\rho\))

Define Electrostatic Potential (V) and Potential Difference. Write their formula, SI Unit, and Dimensional Formula. Is it a scalar or vector?

What is an Equipotential Surface? Write two properties of equipotential surfaces.

Define Electrostatic Potential Energy. Write the formula for the potential energy of a system of two point charges.

Define Capacitance (C). Write its formula, SI Unit (Farad), and Dimensional Formula. On what factors does the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor depend?

Define Dielectric Strength and Polarization Vector (P).

Write the formulas for Energy Stored in a Capacitor and Energy Density of an electric field.

Define Electric Current. Define Drift Velocity (\(v_d\)) and Mobility (\(\mu\)). Write their formulas and SI Units.

State Ohm's Law. Define Electrical Resistance (R). Write its SI Unit and Dimensional Formula.

Define Resistivity (Specific Resistance, \(\rho\)) and Conductivity (\(\sigma\)). Write their formulas, SI Units, and Dimensions.

Define Current Density (J). Write the vector form of Ohm's Law (Relation between J, \(\sigma\), and E).

Define Electromotive Force (EMF) and Internal Resistance (r) of a cell. How does internal resistance relate to terminal voltage?

State Kirchhoff's Laws (Junction Rule and Loop Rule). On which conservation principles are they based?

What is a Wheatstone Bridge? Write the condition for a balanced Wheatstone bridge.

Define Electric Power and Electrical Energy. Write their formulas.

Define Magnetic Field (B). Write its SI Unit (Tesla) and Dimensional Formula. State Biot-Savart Law (Write the formula).

State Ampere's Circuital Law. Write its mathematical expression.

Define Lorentz Force. Write the formula for force on a moving charge in combined electric and magnetic fields.

Define Magnetic Dipole Moment (M) of a current loop. Write its formula, SI Unit, and Dimensions.

Define Current Sensitivity and Voltage Sensitivity of a Moving Coil Galvanometer.

Define Magnetic Field Lines. List two properties. Define Magnetic Flux (\(\Phi_B\)) with its SI Unit (Weber).

Define the following Magnetic Elements of Earth:
a) Magnetic Declination
b) Magnetic Dip (Angle of Inclination)
c) Horizontal Component (\(B_H\))

Define the following terms related to magnetic materials:
a) Magnetization (M)
b) Magnetic Intensity (H)
c) Magnetic Susceptibility (\(\chi_m\))
d) Magnetic Permeability (\(\mu\))

Distinguish between Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic substances based on susceptibility and permeability.

Define Electromagnetic Induction. State Faraday's Laws of Induction. Write the formula for induced EMF.

State Lenz's Law. Explain how it is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy.

Define Self-Induction and Self-Inductance (L). Write its SI Unit (Henry) and Dimensional Formula.

Define Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance (M). Write the coefficient of coupling formula.

Define Alternating Current (AC) and RMS Value (\(I_{rms}\)). Write the relation between Peak Value (\(I_0\)) and RMS Value.

Define the following terms with SI Units:
a) Inductive Reactance (\(X_L\))
b) Capacitive Reactance (\(X_C\))
c) Impedance (Z)

What is Resonance in an LCR Series Circuit? Write the formula for Resonant Frequency (\(\nu_r\)).

Define Power Factor (\(\cos \phi\)). Define Wattless Current.

What is a Transformer? Define its Transformation Ratio (k). Distinguish between Step-up and Step-down transformers.

Define Displacement Current. Write Maxwell's modification to Ampere's Law.

Define Electromagnetic Waves. List three characteristics. Write the expression for the speed of EM waves in a vacuum.

List the main parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum in order of increasing frequency. Give one use for each of Microwaves, Infrared, and X-rays.

Define Refraction and Refractive Index. State Snell's Law.

Define Total Internal Reflection (TIR). Define Critical Angle. Write the relation between them.

Define Power of a Lens (P). Write its formula and SI Unit (Diopter). What is the power of a combination of lenses?

Define Dispersion of light. Define Angle of Deviation and Angle of Minimum Deviation for a prism.

Define Magnifying Power (Angular Magnification) of:
a) Simple Microscope
b) Compound Microscope
c) Astronomical Telescope

Define Wavefront. Distinguish between Spherical, Cylindrical, and Plane Wavefronts. State Huygens' Principle.

Define Interference of light. Differentiate between Constructive and Destructive Interference. Define Fringe Width.

Define Diffraction of light. How does the width of the central maximum depend on slit width? Distinguish between Interference and Diffraction.

Define Polarization of light (Concept only). What is a Polaroid?

Define Work Function (\(\phi_0\)). Write its unit (eV). Define Electron Volt (eV).

Define Photoelectric Effect. Define Threshold Frequency and Stopping Potential (Cut-off Potential).

Write Einstein's Photoelectric Equation. Explain the particle nature of light (Photon).

Define Matter Waves (de Broglie Waves). Write the formula for de Broglie Wavelength of a particle with momentum \(p\).

Define Distance of Closest Approach and Impact Parameter in Rutherford's scattering experiment.

State Bohr's Postulates for the Hydrogen atom. Write the expression for the radius of the \(n^{th}\) orbit.

Define Ionization Energy and Excitation Energy. Draw the energy level diagram of Hydrogen.

Define Atomic Mass Unit (amu). Define Mass Defect (\(\Delta m\)) and Nuclear Binding Energy. Write the relation between them.

Define Nuclear Force. List two properties. Define Binding Energy per Nucleon.

Define Radioactivity (Qualitative). Define Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion.

Distinguish between Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators based on energy bands.

Define Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors. What is Doping? Distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors.

Define p-n Junction. Explain the terms:
a) Depletion Region
b) Barrier Potential

Define Forward Bias and Reverse Bias of a p-n junction diode. Draw their I-V characteristics.

What is a Rectifier? Distinguish between Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifier.